2025-03-26 05:09:33
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0.07% 的市场份额,16% 的募集股权:战略如何重新定义企业杠杆

0.07% 的市场份额,16% 的募集股权:战略如何重新定义企业杠杆

Strategy 是否正在悄悄地重塑上市公司与资本市场的互动方式?其 210 亿美元的计划是否会为与比特币一致的资产负债表运作开创先例?

目录

小鱼,大水花

Strategy(前身为 MicroStrategy)在美国资本市场中的角色正在发生变化,几年前很少有人会预测到这一点。该公司主要以企业软件公司而闻名,尽管仅占总市值的一小部分,但在 2024 年成为最大的比特币 (BTC) 代理之一和股权融资中最活跃的参与者。

截至 3 月 25 日,Strategy 的市值为 876.4 亿美元,在美国公司中排名第 109 位,在全球排名第 211 位。从账面数据来看,它远远落后于最大的上市公司。然而,就 2024 年筹集或宣布的股权而言,它却脱颖而出。

根据 VanEck 数字资产研究主管 Matthew Sigel 分享的彭博行业研究数据,Strategy 仅占美国股票市场价值的 0.07%,但占 2024 年所有筹集或宣布的股权的 16%。

其中很大一部分来自两次发行。一次是 2024 年 11 月完成的 20 亿美元可转换票据发行。第二次是在 2024 年 10 月宣布的,是一项更广泛的融资计划,旨在三年内筹集 210 亿美元。

截至 12 月底,该公司已获得 5.61 亿美元的资金,其中大部分用于购买比特币——这是该公司在过去几年中越来越多地采用的战略。

在软件行业,这两笔交易占 2024 年筹集的 395 亿美元新股本的 70% 以上。这一数字使软件行业在 2024 年的额外发行量方面领先于其他所有行业,其次是生物技术行业(301 亿美元)、石油和天然气行业(264.6 亿美元)、房地产投资信托基金(224.4 亿美元)以及航空航天和国防行业(211.3 亿美元)。

值得注意的是,近年来,只有生物技术和房地产投资信托基金 (REIT) 一直跻身前五大行业之列。Strategy 在软件领域的庞大影响力使其贡献异常集中。

Few companies of Strategy’s size have moved this aggressively to tap equity markets in 2024. Fewer still have done so with such a narrow and defined purpose — accumulating Bitcoin through corporate balance sheet expansion.

从这个意义上讲,该公司的财务活动与传统的软件增长关系不大,而与大规模资产配置关系更大。让我们来解读一下幕后发生的事情

策略加倍押注比特币 (BTC) 理论

Strategy 在 2025 年初延续了其比特币收购策略,以每枚硬币 84,529 美元的平均价格增持了 6,911 个 BTC,价值约 5.841 亿美元,巩固了其作为 BTC 持有量最大的上市公司的地位。

截至 3 月 25 日,该公司共持有 506,137 枚比特币,收购价约为 337 亿美元,平均成本基础为 66,608 美元。按比特币目前约 87,000 美元的市场价格计算,Strategy 持有的比特币价值超过 440 亿美元,反映出约 103 亿美元的未实现收益,或每比特币约 20,392 美元。

Year-to-date, the company has recorded a 7.7% BTC yield. This latest acquisition came shortly after Strategy reaffirmed its plans to raise capital via Class A strike preferred stock.

虽然文件规定资金可用于“一般公司用途”,但先前的行为表明很大一部分可能会被分配给加密资产积累。

Strategy 的方法与其他企业比特币持有者截然不同。例如,特斯拉持有约 11,500 BTC,而 Block(前身为 Square)持有略多于 8,000 BTC。这两家公司几年前就购买了比特币,并且基本保持静态仓位。

相比之下,自 2020 年以来,Strategy 几乎每个季度都进行了多次收购,并且仍然是唯一一家明确将比特币作为主要财务储备资产积累战略的上市公司。

$MSTR 股票继续反映比特币价格趋势。3 月 24 日,在美国股市强劲反弹(纳斯达克指数上涨 2.27%)的背景下,Strategy 股价上涨超过 10%,收于 335.72 美元,尽管没有发生重大业务更新或收益事件,但市值单日增长约 80 亿美元。

这里的相关性并非偶然。从历史上看,MSTR 相对于比特币的贝塔值超过 2.0,这意味着它倾向于在两个方向上放大 BTC 的价格走势。

However, this strategy is not without risk. The company carries over $4 billion in long-term debt, much of it tied to convertible notes that mature between 2028 and 2032. 

如果比特币长期下跌或资本市场收紧,Strategy 可能会面临再融资或筹集新资本的能力限制。

截至最新文件,该公司相对于其债务敞口持有的现金储备极少,凸显出其依赖 BTC 价格升值来维持资产负债表实力。

STRK 与金融工程

今年早些时候,Strategy 推出了一种名为 STRK 的新型金融工具,这是 A 系列永久执行优先股的缩写。

STRK 并非像 MSTR 那样的普通股票,也不是传统债券。相反,它介于两者之间——旨在筹集资金,而不会立即给现有股东带来压力。

STRK was launched in Jan. 2025 as part of Strategy’s larger goal to raise $42 billion over three years—to support its ongoing Bitcoin strategy. The company initially offered 7.3 million STRK shares at $80 each, raising about $563 million, more than double what it had aimed for.

So what exactly does STRK offer investors? For starters, it pays an 8% annual dividend, which Strategy can choose to pay in cash or stock. That steady income has made STRK attractive to investors looking for a more stable way to gain some Bitcoin exposure, without the sharp price swings of common stocks like MSTR or Bitcoin itself.

There’s also a conversion feature built in: if MSTR’s stock price ever reaches $1,000, each STRK share can be converted into 0.1 shares of MSTR. But with MSTR trading at around $335 as of Mar. 25, that conversion isn’t in play right now.

Since it started trading in early Feb., STRK has held up relatively well. The current market price of around $86.6 means investors are earning close to a 7% effective yield, which is high by most standards.

Compared to regular shares, STRK gives Strategy some key advantages. It helps raise capital without immediately issuing more MSTR stock, avoiding direct dilution of existing shareholders. It also attracts a different kind of investor—someone who wants income and stability, rather than just betting on Bitcoin’s long-term growth.

不过,STRK 并非没有风险。其价值与 Strategy 的整体表现息息相关,而 Strategy 的整体表现又与比特币密切相关。如果比特币价格下跌或该公司面临履行股息义务的压力,STRK 可能会失去部分吸引力。

这对公开市场意味着什么

Strategy’s positioning in 2024 offers a clear case study in how capital markets are adapting to the presence of digital assets — not through the creation of new asset classes, but by stretching existing ones. 

The company has emerged as a leading source of equity issuance this year, while maintaining a market value of just 0.07% of total U.S. equities, highlighting an evolving investor appetite for exposure to asset strategies delivered through listed entities.

In doing so, Strategy has set a tone for how public companies might be used as intermediaries between traditional capital and decentralized assets. It also reflects the maturing interface between regulated financial instruments and crypto-native strategies.

What happens next depends less on Strategy itself and more on broader conditions: the cost of capital, Bitcoin’s role in institutional portfolios, and how regulators and investors treat these hybrid models. 

If funding remains accessible and crypto retains demand as an alternative store of value, similar structures may emerge. If not, the model could remain singular.

In either case, Strategy has pushed public markets into new territory, where capital allocation, balance sheet strategy, and digital asset exposure now operate on the same axis.

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