2025-04-01 02:58:28
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出路还是绕路?重新思考 A16z 的加密监管提案

出路还是绕路?重新思考 A16z 的加密监管提案

2025 年 2 月 21 日,美国证券交易委员会委员海斯特·皮尔斯发表了题为《一定有办法摆脱困境》的声明,它读起来不像是一篇典型的监管评论。标题是对鲍勃·迪伦的《All Along the Watchtower》的致敬,奠定了基调:沮丧、紧迫,甚至可能是对澄清的无声恳求。

SEC 发布了一份正式的信息征求书,公开征求公众对如何确定加密资产是否应归类为证券并受监管的意见。这是多年来首次真正邀请更广泛的加密生态系统参与制定规则。

In response, on March 13, venture capital giant Andreessen Horowitz (A16z) submitted a proposal built around what it calls a “control-based decentralization framework.” The idea is this: if a blockchain network is open, autonomous, and no longer under the control of a central group, then the tokens operating on it shouldn’t be treated as securities.

It’s a neat concept — clean, structured, and seemingly grounded in logic. But as I dug into the details and spoke with experts, including Alice Frei, Head of Security and Compliance at Outset PR, a more complicated picture began to emerge.

因为虽然该提案提供了一种潜在的“出路”,但并不是每个人都相信它会带来好的结果。

技术中立监管的前景和问题

A16z 框架的支柱之一是加密监管应该既“优点中立”又“技术中立”。如果加密代币的功能类似于传统资产(例如股票或债券),则应在法律下以相同的方式对待。

但弗雷看到了其中的脱节。

“技术中立的方法在理论上听起来很公平。但它并不完全适用于区块链。加密货币不是传统金融系统的换皮——它是根本不同的东西。它不断重新定义自己的经济和功能特性。”

She pointed out how each major innovation in crypto introduced entirely new economic behaviors: Bitcoin with decentralized digital scarcity, Ethereum with programmable governance, DAOs with collective decision-making, NFTs with digital ownership, and DeFi with permissionless financial markets.

“These aren’t just new wrappers for old assets. They come with entirely different risk models, incentive structures, and governance challenges. Ignoring that in the name of ‘neutrality’ means we’re regulating what crypto looks like — not what it is.”

Code Isn’t the Only Force Driving Markets

A16z 提案中的另一个关键论点是,如果代币的设计完全嵌入代码中(这意味着其经济逻辑是预先编程的和自主的),那么其价值就不应该被视为依赖于第三方的努力。如果这是真的,它就不会通过豪威测试。

但弗雷表示,这种逻辑在当今市场并不成立。

“仅仅因为质押奖励或代币销毁是自动化的,并不意味着市场是……加密货币的估值不仅仅受代码驱动。投机、情绪、宏观事件——这些因素对价格的影响同样大,甚至更大。”

她以比特币的价格走势为例。其代码可能是可预测的——固定供应量、减半周期——但其估值会根据利率、机构采用甚至病毒式推文而大幅波动。

“看看 Terra。它的整个价值主张是一种自我修正的算法稳定币——一种旨在通过基于代码的激励和自动供应调整来维持与美元挂钩的系统。但即便如此,也无法抵挡投机浪潮。一旦信心崩溃,算法就会失控。数十亿美元在几天内化为乌有。代码没能拯救它。”

The Contradiction of ‘Control-Based Decentralization’

One of the more debated parts of A16z’s proposal is the phrase itself:控制型分权。根据该框架,如果运营、经济和治理控制已经足够分散,则网络应被视为分散的——因此不受证券交易委员会的管辖。

但弗雷对权力下放可以如此明确地衡量的想法提出了质疑。

“在缺乏控制的情况下构建权力下放已经很棘手了。但是当你开始建立清单来定义它时,你可能会误将表面权力下放当成真正的自治。”

她解释道,实际上,大多数所谓的去中心化系统仍然涉及影响中心点。开发人员保留对升级的控制权。治理代币通常将权力集中在早期投资者手中。而交易所和托管人等基础设施仍然是中心化的瓶颈。

“True decentralization is a spectrum,” she said. “It’s not a yes-or-no checkbox. And pretending it is opens the door to performative decentralization that looks good on paper but doesn’t hold up in reality.”

A Potential Regulatory Loophole

弗雷警告说,更大的担忧是 A16z 提出的框架很容易被利用——尤其是在没有严格的执行标准的情况下。

“你可能有一个从外部看起来是分散的项目,但仍然有内部人员在操纵。”

这可能意味着代币分配看似广泛,但幕后却有紧密的协调。或者治理结构看似民主,但其目的是将决策权集中到少数人手中。或者协议将控制权转移的时间刚好足以通过监管测试,但之后又以不同的名义重新集中。

她说:“如果我们不小心,这就会成为监管套利的指南,而不是透明度的指南。”

我们接下来要去哪里?

To be clear, Frei doesn’t dismiss the effort behind A16z’s proposal. Like many in the industry, she welcomes the discussion and agrees that regulatory clarity is urgently needed. But she’s skeptical that a framework based on rigid decentralization checklists can truly reflect the complexity of today’s crypto landscape.

“We need a model that respects the innovation happening in this space,” she said, “but doesn’t ignore the human, economic, and governance dynamics driving it.”

That means acknowledging that technology is not neutral — it changes how assets behave. It means recognizing that markets are emotional, not mechanical. And it means treating decentralization as a moving target, not a box to tick.

As for the SEC, it now faces the difficult task of turning all this feedback into actionable policy. Whether or not A16z’s framework makes it into the final picture, one thing is clear: the conversation has only just begun.

在我们结束时,弗雷告诉我:“我们的目标不仅仅是监管加密货币。我们要以一种保护人们的方式来做到这一点——而不是假装这个领域不是它本来的样子。”

也许,只是也许,有办法摆脱困境——但前提是我们必须诚实地认清我们的出发点。

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